Ukufunda Okuqondene Nakho Kwabafundi Abakhuluma Izilimi Ezimbili
IEkhulwini lama-21, lapho ukwehlukahlukana kwamasiko nezilimi kushintsha khona ngokushesha amakilasi, umqondo wokuthi wonke umfundi kufanele afunde ngendlela efanayo awusiwo nje uphelelwe yisikhathi—uyalimaza. Ukufunda okwenzelwe wena kwabafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili akuyona into yokunethezeka. Kuyisibopho sokufundisa. Lapho abafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili bephoqeleka ukuba bahambisane nezinhlelo eziqinile, ezikhuluma ulimi olulodwa, ezifanela bonke, amandla abo ezemfundo ayacindezelwa, ubunjalo babo bolimi buyancipha, kanye nenhlalakahle yabo engokomzwelo ibekwa engcupheni.
Igumbi lokufundela elivamile livame ukuphatha ubulimi obubili njengesithiyo kunokuba yimpahla. Kodwa izifundo ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-National Academies of Sciences kanye ne-Annenberg Institute eBrown University zibonise ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi abafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili bayachuma lapho amakhono abo olimi eqiniswa, izindlela zabo zokufunda zihlukaniswa, futhi izizinda zabo zamasiko zihlonishwa. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi siyeke ukucela abafundi ukuthi bazivumelanise nohlelo—futhi baqale ukuzivumelanisa nohlelo nabafundi.
Inganekwane Efanelana Nabo Bonke Emfundweni
Ngokusho kombiko ovela kwi-Migration Policy Institute, cishe abafundi besiNgisi abayizigidi ezi-5 (ama-EL) babhalise ezikoleni zomphakathi zase-US. Laba bafundi abafiki nezilimi ezahlukene kuphela, kodwa futhi nezimo zamasiko ezihlukile, okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikole sangaphambilini, kanye namaqiniso ezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukubahambisa bonke ngendlela efanayo yokufundisa—ngokuvamile ezindaweni zesiNgisi kuphela—ukunganaki ukwehlukahlukana kwengqondo, kwezenhlalo, kanye nezemfundo abakumelelayo.
Ucwaningo oluvela ku-Stanford University's Understanding Language Initiative luqokomisa ukuthi ama-EL, uma engasekelwa ngemfundo ehlukene, asala ngemuva ezifundweni eziyinhloko—hhayi ngoba engenalo ikhono, kodwa ngoba imodeli yokulethwa ayiwafaki. Eqinisweni, amamodeli okufunda enziwe ngokwezifiso aboniswe ukuthi athuthukisa imiphumela yezemfundo ngamaphuzu afinyelela ku-3% ngokwesilinganiso ezibalweni nasekufundeni, kanye nenzuzo enkulu kubafundi abangasebenzi kahle (Pane et al., 2017a).
Ulimi, Ukufunda, kanye Nobuntu
Ulimi aluyona nje ithuluzi lokuxhumana—luhlobene nokuthi singobani. Kubafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili, ikakhulukazi labo abasafunda isiNgisi, ukulondoloza ulimi lwabo lwasekhaya ngenkathi befunda olusha kuqinisa kokubili ubunikazi kanye nokuzethemba kwezemfundo. UGloria Ladson-Billings, umcwaningi wezemfundo odumile, uthi “indlela yokufundisa ehambisana namasiko” iyisihluthulelo sokuzibandakanya kwabafundi kanye nempumelelo yabo. Ukufunda komuntu siqu akulungisi nje ijubane nokuqukethwe; kuqinisekisa nokuthi umfundi ungubani nokuthi uvelaphi.
Ukufundiswa okuhambisana namasiko nolimi kunomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo kwe-EL—ikakhulukazi ekufundeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesilulumagama. Yingakho ukufunda okwenzelwe wena kwabafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili kumele kube ngaphezu kokwehluka—kumele kube okuqinisekisayo.
Ukuthi Impumelelo Ibukeka Kanjani Ngempela
Impumelelo yabafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili ayikona nje ukuphumelela isivivinyo—iwukuzizwa bebonwa, bezwiwa, futhi benekhono. Iwukubamba iqhaza ngokuzethemba engxoxweni, ukubhala isigaba esinamandla ngezilimi ezimbili, ukuxazulula inkinga yezibalo, noma ukufunda incwadi ebonisa isiko labo.
Ngokufunda komuntu siqu, abafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili akulindelekile ukuthi “bafinyelele”—bahlonyiselwe ukuhola. Eqinisweni, izifundo zibonisa ukuthi abafundi ezindaweni zokufunda komuntu siqu bathole izinzuzo zokufunda eziphakeme ngamaphesenti angama-20 kunontanga yabo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabafundi abangafaneleki ngokwesiko (Pane et al., 2017b).
Lokhu akuyona indlela yokuxazulula inkinga—kungukuthuthukisa.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokuxhumana Kwabantu
Ubuchwepheshe sebube ngumsizi onamandla kwezemfundo, ikakhulukazi ekuletheni okuhlangenwe nakho kokufunda okwenziwe ngezifiso. Amapulatifomu asebenzisanayo angazivumelanisa nentuthuko yabafundi ngesikhathi sangempela, kuyilapho amathuluzi afana nengxoxo ebukhoma, izinsiza ezibonakalayo, namadeshibhodi ezilimi eziningi enza ukufunda kufinyeleleke kalula.
Kodwa ubuchwepheshe bodwa abwanele. Yilapho abafundisi abanamakhono nabanakekelayo benza khona umehluko omkhulu. Ochwepheshe abaqinisekisiwe abanekhono elijulile lokukhuluma kahle ngamasiko kanye nesifiso sokwenza ukufunda kube ngokomuntu siqu bangaxhumana nabafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili ngezindlela ezifundisayo neziqinisekisayo.
Ndawonye, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuxhumana nabantu kudala ulwazi lokufunda olunamandla futhi olujulile.
Kusukela Ekuhambisaneni Nemithetho Kuya Ekuxhumekeni
Ngezindlela eziningi, izinhlelo zendabuko zakhiwe ngokuhambisana nokuthobela imithetho: ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso, ukulandela imibhalo, ukufakwa ezinhlakeni. Kodwa imfundo iyashintsha. Amakilasi anamuhla abeka phambili Uxhumano—phakathi komfundi nothisha, ulimi nokufunda, ubuwena kanye nempumelelo.
Abafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili baziwa nangokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha kanye nokuguquguquka kwengqondo ngenxa yokuphatha izinhlelo ezimbili zolimi, okubanikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokuqonda uma besekelwa kahle (Bialystok et al., 2012; Planckaert et al., 2023).
Ukufunda okwenzelwe wena kwabafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili ibonisa lolo shintsho. Ithi: “Siyakubona. Siyalazisa izwi lakho. Futhi silapha ukuzokusekela uhambo lwakho.”
Ukubheka Phambili: Unamandla, Uhlakaniphile, Ubandakanya Kakhulu
Ikusasa lemfundo alikho ekufaneni—lisekuguquguqukeni. Bilingual Bridges, sikholelwa ukuthi ukufunda komuntu siqu kuyisihluthulelo sokuvula amathuba kubo bonke abafundi, ikakhulukazi labo abafunda izilimi eziningi. Ngokunikeza abafundi abakhuluma izilimi ezimbili imfundo eguquguqukayo nehambisana namasiko, asigcini nje ngokubasiza ukuba benze kangcono—sisiza amakilasi ukuthi asebenzele wonke umuntu kangcono.
Masiyeke ukucela abafundi ukuthi bavumelane nezinhlelo eziqinile bese siqala ukuklama izinhlelo ezibafanelayo—ngokolimi, ngamasiko, nangokwezemfundo. Ngoba uma abafundi besekelwa ngazo zonke izilimi abahlala futhi abafunda ngazo, akukho mkhawulo wokuthi bangahamba ibanga elingakanani.
Landa umhlahlandlela wethu wamahhala we-PDF-"Izindlela Ezi-5 Zokwenza Ukufunda Kube Okwakho Kubafundi Abakhuluma Izilimi Ezimbili"—ukuhlola amasu asebenzayo ongawasebenzisa namuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumzali, uthisha, noma umholi wesikole
– Kubhalwe ngu-Ibeth Muñoz, M.Ed.
Uchwepheshe Wezifundo Nokufundisa, Bilingual Bridges
Okubhekwayo
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UPane, JF, Steiner, ED, Baird, MD, kanye noHamilton, LS (2017). Ukwazisa Intuthuko: Ukuqonda Ngokufunda Okuqondene Nomuntu Siqu (Umbiko No. RR2042). I-RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2042.html
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Planckaert, N., D'haese, S., Ceuleers, E., & Duyck, W. (2023). Ingabe kukhona inzuzo yokuqonda ekuzithibeni nasekushintsheni phakathi kwezingane ezikhuluma izilimi ezimbili? Imingcele e-Psychology, 14, Isihloko 1191816. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1191816
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Bialystok, E., Craik, FIM, & Luk, G. (2012). Ukukhuluma izilimi ezimbili: Imiphumela yengqondo nobuchopho. Amathrendi eSayensi Yezobuchwepheshe, 16 (4), 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001
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UPane, JF, Steiner, ED, Baird, MD, kanye noHamilton, LS (2017). Ukufunda Okuqondene Nomuntu Siqu Kuthinta Kanjani Impumelelo Yomfundi? I-RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9994.html
